The impact of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism association with coronary artery calcium: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to analyze the association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with subclinical atherosclerosis measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) in the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. Materials and methods: CAC was measured using a 64-detector computed tomographic scanner. The association of CAC > 0 was presented as an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) in logistic models and as β (95%CI) in linear models after multivariable adjustment for confounders. Results: We analyzed 3,809 participants (mean-age (SD) 50.5 (8.8); 51.7% women). In the main analysis, we did not find an association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with CAC. However, in stratified analysis according to age strata, we found no significative interaction terms, an important heterogeneity between the groups, with the younger age strata showing an association of the group with both diseases and CAC > 0 (OR 7.16; 95%CI, 1.14; 44.89) with a wide but significative 95%CI, suggesting that the smaller number of participants in the younger group may influence the results. Our findings also showed an association of CAC > 0 and log (CAC+1) with diabetes in logistic (OR, 1.31; 95%CI, 1.05-1.63) and linear models (β, 0.24, 0.16, 0.40), respectively. Diabetes was independently associated with CAC > 0 in linear models. Discussion: In conclusion, our results showed a great heterogeneity in stratified analysis based on age in the younger age strata. Although we found no significant interaction factors, the smaller sample size for the analysis may influence the negative findings.

The association of diabetes, subclinical hypothyroidism and carotid intima-media thickness: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil)

Abstract Introduction: The association of diabetes with subclinical thyroid diseases may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We analyzed the association of subclinical hypothyroidism, diabetes, and both diseases with carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT) as a surrogate maker for early cardiovascular disease in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Methods: Cross-sectional analysis with data from the 3rd visit (2017‒2019). Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association of subclinical hypothyroidism, diabetes and of both diseases with a cIMT presented as Beta (95% Confidence Interval - 95% CI) without adjustment, with adjustment for sociodemographic variables (Model 1) and multivariable adjustment (Model 1 more cardiovascular risk factors). We also used logistic regression models to analyze the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% CI for the association of both diseases using cIMT > P75%. Results: After the exclusion of patients with previous cardiovascular disease, 5,077 participants with no diseases, 1578 with diabetes, 662 with subclinical hypothyroidism, and 234 with both diseases were included in the analysis. Linear regression models showed an association of cIMT with only diabetes (β = 0.019; 95% CI 0.012 to 0.027; p < 0.0001) and subclinical hypothyroidism more diabetes (β = 0.03; 95% CI 0.010‒0.047, p < 0.0001). The logistic regression model reported an association between diabetes and CIMT higher than P75% (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.30‒1.71). No interaction between diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism was detected using cIMT respectively as a continuous (p = 0.29) or as a categorical variable (p = 0.92). Discussion: Diabetes was associated with higher cIMT values. However, no additive effect of subclinical hypothyroidism associated with diabetes over cIMT was detected.

Carotid atherosclerosis in the first five years since rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis: a cross sectional study

Abstract Background Systemic inflammation, documented before rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis, is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. We aimed to compare the prevalence of carotid plaque (CP) in RA patients in the first five years since diagnosis and healthy controls, and to determine disease characteristics associated with the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in RA patients. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. We recruited 60 RA patients in the first five years since diagnosis and 60 matched healthy controls. Carotid ultrasound was performed to detect the presence of CP and measure carotidintima media thickness (cIMT). Subclinical atherosclerosis was considered as the presence of CP and/or increased cIMT. Distribution was evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Comparisons were made with Chi-square or Fisher's exact test for qualitative variables and Student's t or Mann-Whitney's U test for quantitative variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results There were no differences in the demographic characteristics between RA patients and controls. The mean disease duration was 2.66 ± 1.39 years. A higher prevalence of CP (30.0% vs. 11.7%, p = 0.013), bilateral CP (18.3% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.008), increased cIMT (30.0% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.001), and subclinical atherosclerosis (53.3% vs. 18.3%, p = < 0.001) was found in RA patients. RA patients with subclinical atherosclerosis were older (56.70 years vs. 50.00 years, p = 0.002), presented a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia (53.1% vs. 14.3%, p = 0.002), and higher prevalence of classification in moderate-high disease activity category measured by DAS28-CRP (68.8% vs. 35.7%, p = 0.010). The latter variable persisted independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the binary logistic regression (OR 6.11, 95% CI 1.51-24.70, p = 0.011). Conclusions In the first five years since diagnosis, higher prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis, including CP was found in RA patients. Carotid ultrasound should be considered part of the systematic CVR evaluation of RA at the time of diagnosis.

Carotid intima-media thickness in patients with psoriasis with and without metabolic syndrome / Grosor de intima-media carotídea en pacientes con psoriasis con y sin síndrome metabólico

Abstract Introduction: Patients with psoriasis have an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors as well as cardiovascular disease. Objective: To determine if patients with psoriasis and metabolic syndrome (MS) have a higher frequency of subclinical atherosclerosis compared with those with psoriasis without MS. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with psoriasis; MS was defined according to ATP III criteria. Demographic, clinical, and anthropometric data were obtained. Blood chemistry, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and insulin were measure. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as high carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) by Mode B ultrasound. Results: 92 patients with psoriasis were included, 67 (72.8%) with MS and 25 (27.2%) without MS. Subjects with psoriasis and MS had significantly higher weight, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, insulin resistance, hs-CRP, and lower level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with subjects without MS. High CIMT was greater in patients with psoriasis and MS than in those without MS. Age and MS were independent predictors of increased CIMT after multiple linear regression analysis. Conclusions: MS is associated with greater inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with psoriasis.

Resumen Introducción: Los pacientes con psoriasis tienen prevalencia incrementada de factores de riesgo y enfermedad cardiovascular. Objetivo: Determinar si los pacientes con psoriasis y síndrome metabólico (SM) tienen mayor frecuencia de ateroesclerosis subclínica comparados con pacientes con psoriasis y sin SM. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal, en pacientes con psoriasis; SM fue definido con base en criterios ATP III. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos, clínicos y antropométricos. Se realizó química sanguínea, proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad (PCR-hs) e insulina. Ateroesclerosis subclínica fue definida como grosor de íntima-media carotídeo (GIMC) elevado, medido por ultrasonido tipo B. Resultados: Se incluyeron 92 pacientes con psoriasis, 67 (72.8 %) con SM y 25 (27.2 %) sin SM. Los sujetos con psoriasis y SM tuvieron valores significativamente más elevados de peso, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura, tensión arterial sistólica, glucosa, insulina, triglicéridos, resistencia a insulina, PCR-hs y menores niveles de colesterol de alta densidad, comparados con sujetos sin SM. El GIMC fue mayor en pacientes con psoriasis y SM. La edad y el SM fueron predictores independientes de mayor GIMC después de realizar múltiples análisis de regresión lineal. Conclusiones: Síndrome metabólico está asociado con mayor inflamación y ateroesclerosis subclínica en pacientes con psoriasis.

Utilidad de los índices aterogénicos del perfil lipídico en el diagnóstico de aterosclerosis subclínica / Utility of the atherogenic indices of the lipid profile in the diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis

Introducción: Los índices aterogénicos hacen referencia a un conjunto de indicadores bioquímicos que a partir de la relación entre variables lipídicas permiten predecir el riesgo de daño aterosclerótico. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de los índices aterogénicos en el diagnóstico de aterosclerosis subclínica en pacientes con dislipidemia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 812 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de dislipidemia en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras, en el período 2015-2020. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 56,79 ± 10,24 años, predominó el grupo de 60 y más años con un 40,9 por ciento y el sexo femenino para un 73,8 por ciento. El 61,2 por ciento de los pacientes tienen presente algún tipo de obesidad. La presencia de HTA y el consumo de tabaco afectan el 52 por ciento y 24,6 por ciento de la población estudiada. El 74,8 por ciento (607 casos) fue clasificado como riesgo cardiovascular medio según los criterios de Framingham, mientras que el 12,9 por ciento fue clasificado como riesgo alto. Se identificaron 323 (39,8 por ciento) pacientes con presencia de aterosclerosis subclínica. Las diferencias de los valores medios de los índices aterogénicos entre los grupos con presencia de aterosclerosis subclínica fueron estadísticamente significativas para los índices cCtotal/ cHDL y cLDL/cHDL (p<0,05). En el análisis multivariado los índices asociados al riesgo de presentar aterosclerosis subclínica fueron la relación cCtotal/cHDL (R=1,11) y cLDL/cHDL (R=1,12) (p<0,05). Conclusiones: Los índices aterogénicos son de utilidad en el diagnóstico de aterosclerosis subclínica, los cocientes cCtotal/cHDL y cLDL/cHDL son los que están asociados significativamente con la probabilidad de presentar daño aterosclerótico carotideo(AU)

Introduction: Atherogenic indices refer to a set of biochemical indicators that, based on the relationship between lipid variables, allow predicting the risk of atherosclerotic damage. Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of atherogenic indices in the diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with dyslipidemia. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in 812 patients with clinical diagnosis of dyslipidemia at Hermanos Ameijeiras Surgical Clinical Hospital, from 2015 to 2020. Results: The mean age of the patients was 56.79 ± 10.24 years, the group of 60 and over predominated with 40.9percent and the female sex with 73.8percent. Some type of obesity was present in 61.2percent of the patients. The presence of hypertension and tobacco consumption affect 52percent and 24.6percent of the population studied, respectively. 74.8percent (607 cases) were classified as medium cardiovascular risk according to Framingham criteria, while 12.9percent were classified as high risk. Three hundred twenty three (39.8percent) patients with subclinical atherosclerosis were identified. The differences in the mean values of the atherogenic indices between the groups with subclinical atherosclerosis were statistically significant for the total C/HDLc and LDLc/HDLc indices (p<0.05). In the multivariate analysis, the indices associated with the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis were the ratio of Total C/HDLc (R=1.11) and LDLc/HDLc (R=1.12) (p<0.05). Conclusions: The atherogenic indices are useful in the diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis; cCtotal/cHDL and cLDL/cHDL ratios are those that are significantly associated with the probability of carotid atherosclerotic damage(AU)

Factores asociados a la aparición de aterosclerosis subclínica en lupus eritematoso sistémico / Factors associated with the appearance of subclinical atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus

RESUMEN Introducción: El lupus eritematoso sistémico es una enfermedad inflamatoria, crónica, multisistémica, que se define por sus múltiples rasgos clínicos y por la casi invariable presencia de autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra uno o más componentes del núcleo celular. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico e identificar su posible relación con la aterosclerosis subclínica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, de pacientes con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico, atendidos en el Centro de Reumatología en La Habana, durante el periodo comprendido entre octubre del 2015 a octubre del 2017. La muestra fue no probabilística y estuvo formada por 50 pacientes. Se empleó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Del total de pacientes el 54,0 % (n = 27) presentaba aterosclerosis subclínica. Los factores de riesgo tradicionales que mostraron asociación con la presencia de placa en pacientes con LES fueron la hipercolesterolemia, 70,4 % (n = 19) e hipertrigliceridemia 55,6 % (n = 15). Se observó relación entre el tiempo de evolución, presencia de daño acumulado, compromiso renal, cifras de PCR y dosis acumulada de esteroides, con la presencia de aterosclerosis subclínica. Conclusiones: Se constató en pacientes con LES y presencia de placa un promedio de edad mayor. Los factores de riesgo tradicionales que mostraron asociación con la presencia de placa aterosclerótica fueron hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia. Se comprobó asociación entre el tiempo de evolución, daño acumulado, compromiso renal, cifras de PCR y dosis acumulada de esteroides, con la presencia de placa. En los pacientes del estudio el uso de cloroquina estuvo asociado a la no aparición de aterosclerosis subclínica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus is an inflammatory, chronic, multisystemic disease, which is defined by its multiple clinical features and by the almost invariable presence of autoantibodies directed against one or more components of the cell nucleus. Objective: To characterize patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and to identify its possible relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, treated at the Rheumatology Center in Havana, was carried out during the period from October 2015 to October 2017. The sample was non-probabilistic and consisted of 50 patients. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: Of the total number of patients, 54.0% (n=27) had subclinical atherosclerosis. The traditional risk factors that showed association with the presence of plaque in patients with SLE were hypercholesterolemia, 70.4% (n=19) and hypertriglyceridemia 55.6% (n=15). A relationship was observed between the time of evolution, the presence of accumulated damage, renal compromise, CRP figures and accumulated dose of steroids, with the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis. Conclusions: A higher average age was found in patients with SLE and presence of plaque. The traditional risk factors that showed association with the presence of atherosclerotic plaque were hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. An association was found between the time of evolution, the presence of accumulated damage, renal compromise, CRP figures and the accumulated dose of steroids, with the presence of plaque. In the study patients, the use of chloroquine was associated with the absence of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Carotid doppler ultrasonography in patients with co-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension in Nigeria

Background:The co-existence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) has been rising globally with subclinical atherosclerotic complications. These vascular changes can be detected using carotid ultrasonography. Objectives: To determine and compare the carotid arterial structural wall changes and blood flow velocities of adults with co-existing DM and HTN with age-and sex-matched non-diabetic, non-hypertensive controls. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study of 300 participants comprising 200 adults with co-existing DM and HTN and 100 age-and sex-matched controls was done. Their carotid arteries were examined bilaterally for plaques, carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and flow velocities ­peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), pulsatility index (PI) and resistive index (RI) using 4­12MHz linear array transducer. Visceral obesity and serum lipids were also assessed. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 56.13 ± 6.93 years; they comprised 38% males and 62% females. The subjects' CIMT was statistically significantly higher (p = 0.001) with a three-fold mean increase (45.5%) compared to the controls (13.7%). Lower flow velocities but higher indices were also observed in the subjects. Strong and significant correlations were observed between EDV and PI r =-0.663, p=>0.001), EDV and RI (r = -0.661, p=>0.001) and PI and RI (r =0.988, p= >0.001)among the subjects. Conclusion: Significant reduction in flow velocities with increased CIMT may be an early indication of subclinical atherosclerosis. Therefore, carotid ultrasonography should be mandatory in individuals at risk for early detection and possible prevention of atherosclerotic complications.

Síndrome metabólico, lipoproteína(a) y aterosclerosis subclínica en población mexicana / Metabolic syndrome, lipoprotein(a) and subclinical atherosclerosis in Mexican population

Resumen Objetivo: Investigar la asociación del síndrome metabólico y la lipoproteína(a) [Lp(a)] con el riesgo de aterosclerosis subclínica en adultos mexicanos. Método: En 953 mujeres y hombres se evaluaron datos clínicos, bioquímicos y tomográficos de grasa abdominal visceral, subcutánea, hepática y calcio arterial coronario. La Lp(a) se determinó mediante nefelometría y el síndrome metabólico se diagnosticó con los criterios del Adult Treatment Panel III. La asociación independiente de estas variables con el calcio arterial coronario se obtuvo con análisis de regresión logística multivariada. Resultados: La edad, el peso, el índice de masa corporal, la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, los volúmenes de grasa abdominal, los lípidos, la glucosa, la insulina y el índice de resistencia a insulina fueron significativamente mayores en los sujetos con síndrome metabólico, mientras que la mediana de Lp(a) fue más baja en comparación con los sujetos sin el síndrome (3.7 [rango intercuartílico (RIC): 2.3-9.2 vs. 5.9 [RIC: 2.5-13.1) mg/dl; p < 0.01). El número de componentes y el síndrome metabólico se asociaron inversamente con la Lp(a) elevada (> 30 mg/dl). La presencia de síndrome metabólico se asoció con un riesgo de calcio arterial coronario > 0 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.19; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1.64-2.94; p < 0.001), independientemente de la Lp(a) elevada. La glucemia > 100 mg/dl (OR: 2.42; IC95%: 1.7-3.4; p < 0.0001) y la presión arterial elevada (OR: 2.14; IC95%: 1.5-3.1; p > 0.0001) se asociaron con calcio arterial coronario > 0. Conclusiones: En población mexicana existe una asociación inversa entre la concentración de Lp(a) y el síndrome metabólico. Este y sus componentes se asociaron positivamente con aterosclerosis subclínica. La elevada prevalencia de obesidad, diabetes, hipertensión arterial, triglicéridos elevados y concentración de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad que caracterizan a la población mexicana pudieran explicar las diferencias con otras poblaciones.

Abstract Objective: To assess the relationship of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Lp(a) with subclinical atherosclerosis (CAC) in Mexican adults. Method: Clinical, biochemical and tomographic data of visceral, subcutaneous, hepatic abdominal fat and CAC were evaluated in 953 women and men. Lp(a) was determined by nephelometry and MetS was diagnosed according to ATP III criteria. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent association of these variables with CAC. Results: Age, weight, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, volumes of visceral, subcutaneous and hepatic abdominal fat, lipids, glucose, insulin and HOMA-RI were significantly higher in subjects with MetS. The median Lp(a) was lower in subjects with MetS compared to subjects without MetS (3.7 [IR: 2.3-9.2 vs. 5.9 [IR: 2.5-13.1) mg/dL; p < 0.01). The number of components and the MetS were inversely associated with the elevated Lp(a) (> 30 mg / dL). The presence of MetS was associated with a CAC risk >0 (OR: 2.19, [95% CI (1.64-2.94)]; p < 0.001), independently of elevated Lp(a). The components of MetS that were independently associated with the presence of CAC > 0 UA were glycaemia > 100 mg/dL (OR 2.42, [95% CI (1.7-3.4)]; p < 0.0001) and high blood pressure (OR 2.14 [95% CI (1.5-3.1)]; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In Mexican population there is an inverse association between Lp(a) levels and MetS. The MetS and its components were associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. The high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure high triglycerides and low HDL-C, characteristics of Mexican population could explain the differences with other populations.

Factores pronósticos de aterosclerosis subclínica en pacientes dislipidémicos / Prognostic factors subclinical atherosclerosis in dyslipidemic patients

Introducción: La aterosclerosis subclínica es predictora de eventos vasculares futuros y es diagnosticada por imágenes y biomarcadores sin que existan manifestaciones clínicas. Objetivo: Identificar los factores pronósticos asociados con la aterosclerosis subclínica en pacientes dislipidémicos. Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras en 1028 pacientes en el periodo de 2016 al 2019. Resultados: La existencia de placa de ateroma fue de 26,9 por ciento. Existieron diferencias significativas relacionadas al tabaquismo (30,0 por ciento vs 23,7 por ciento). En las variables lipídicas, el promedio de los valores de la LDLc fue superior en los pacientes con placa de ateroma y la relación CT/LDL fue mayor en los que no tienen esta alteración. La frecuencia de engrosamiento del complejo íntima-media mayor de 1,0 mm fue de 37,1 por ciento. Existieron diferencias significativas relacionadas al tabaquismo (30,4 por ciento vs 22,4 por ciento) y la presencia de HTA (56,7 por ciento vs 48,8 por ciento ) en las variables lipídicas el promedio de los valores de la HDLc fue superior en los pacientes sin aumento del grosor del complejo íntima-media y la elevación CT/HDL fue mayor en los que presentan dicha alteración. Conclusiones: Los factores que influyen de manera independiente en la probabilidad de formación de las placas de ateroma son la LDLc (elevada), la edad, los triglicéridos y el sexo masculino y los que influyen en la probabilidad para el engrosamiento del complejo íntima-media son la HDLc (baja), el tabaquismo, y la hipertensión arterial(AU)

Introduction: Subclinical atherosclerosis is a predictor of future vascular events and is diagnosed by imaging and biomarkers without any clinical manifestations. Objective: To identify the prognostic factors that are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in dyslipidemic patients. Method: A cohort study was carried out at the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital in 1028 patients in the period from 2016 to 2019. Results: The existence of atheroma plaque was 26.9 percent. There were significant differences related to smoking (30.0 percent vs 23.7 percent). In the lipid variables, the average of the LDLc values ​​is higher in patients with atheroma plaque and the CT/LDL ratio is higher in those without this alteration. Regarding the frequency of thickening of the intima-media complex greater than 1.0 mm, it was 37.1 percent. There were significant differences related to smoking (30.4 percent vs 22.4 percent) and the presence of HTA (56.7 percent vs 48.8 percent in the lipid variables, the average of the HDLc values ​​is higher in the patients without an increase in the thickness of the intima-media complex and the CT/HDL elevation is greater in those with said alteration. Conclusions: The factors that independently influence the probability of atheroma plaque formation are LDLc (elevated), age, triglycerides and male sex, and those that influence the probability of thickening of the intima-media complex. They are HDLc (low), smoking, and high blood pressure(AU)

Cuantificación imaginológica no invasiva de la carga aterosclerótica en la evaluación avanzada del riesgo cardiovascular / Noninvasive imaging of the atherosclerotic burden in the advanced assessment of cardiovascular risk

Introducción: La detección y la cuantificación de la carga aterosclerótica por técnicas de imagen no invasiva es un marcador cada vez más usado en la evaluación y reestratificación del riesgo cardiovascular. La cuantificación de la carga de aterosclerosis para la evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular requiere por tanto una herramienta precisa, ya que el riesgo aumenta de manera proporcional a la carga de enfermedad subclínica. Objetivo: Profundizar en las técnicas de imagen no invasivas que permiten la cuantificación imaginológica de la carga aterosclerótica global en su fase subclínica y su importancia en la reevaluación precoz del riesgo cardiovascular. Desarrollo: Entre todas las modalidades de imagen, la puntuación de calcio coronario por tomografía axial computarizada y la cuantificación de la carga de aterosclerosis por ecografía vascular tridimensional han demostrado mejorar la valoración del riesgo cardiovascular individual por encima de las escalas de riesgo convencionales basadas en la presencia de factores de riesgo tradicionales, pues identifica directamente la enfermedad y reclasifica a los individuos de riesgo bajo e intermedio de manera más efectiva. Conclusiones: La cuantificación imaginológica no invasiva de la carga aterosclerótica mejora de manera significativa la exactitud y precisión en la predicción de las escalas de estimación del riesgo cardiovascular global universalmente validadas, pues incrementa su capacidad de discriminación y reclasificación de la población con riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular(AU)

Introduction: The detection and quantification of the atherosclerotic burden by non-invasive imaging techniques is a marker increasingly used in the evaluation and re-stratification of cardiovascular risk. The quantification of the atherosclerosis burden for the assessment of cardiovascular risk therefore requires a precise tool, since the risk increases proportionally to the burden of subclinical disease. Objective: To deepen the non-invasive imaging techniques that allow the imaginological quantification of the global atherosclerotic burden in its subclinical phase and its importance in the early reassessment of cardiovascular risk. Development: Among all imaging modalities, the coronary calcium score by computed tomography and the quantification of the atherosclerosis burden by three-dimensional vascular ultrasound have been shown to improve the assessment of individual cardiovascular risk above conventional risk scales based on presence of traditional risk factors, since it directly identifies the disease and reclassifies individuals at low and intermediate risk more effectively. Conclusions: The non-invasive imaginological quantification of the atherosclerotic burden significantly improves the accuracy and precision in the prediction of the globally validated global cardiovascular risk estimation scales, as it increases their discrimination and reclassification capacity of the population at risk of cardiovascular disease(AU)

La Vasculatura Sistémica En La Enfermedad Renal Crónica. Segunda Parte / Systemic Vasculature In Chronic Kidney Disease. Second Part

Resumen Existen cambios estructurales importantes de la pared arterial en, prácticamente, todas las etapas clínicas de la enfermedad renal crónica. Son un marcador pronóstico y, al mismo tiempo, un factor de progresión y de eventos, tanto cardiovasculares como renales. Es por ello que tener una estimación del daño vascular y, mejor aún, un diagnóstico adecuado es esencial. La evaluación vascular en la consulta clínica, mediante la determinación de la presión del pulso y el índice de presión arterial sistólica tobillo-brazo, sirven como una orientación inicial del daño arterial de estos pacientes. Hoy podemos valorar, de manera accesible, las lesiones estructurales de las arterias mediante la cuantificación y caracterización, por ecografía vascular, de las placas ateroscleróticas de carótidas y femorales y por la velocidad de onda del pulso. En la gran mayoría de los pacientes renales la velocidad de onda del pulso está muy aumentada, comparada con poblaciones sanas, como consecuencia de múltiples mecanismos patogénicos. Las alteraciones vasculares, tanto de los grandes vasos como de la microcirculación, están fuertemente vinculados con la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica, así como con complicaciones y eventos renales, cardiacos y cerebrales. En conclusión, en individuos con riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad renal crónica, o en quienes ya la padecen, la medición de la rigidez arterial y de los daños ateroscleróticos de la pared vascular serían parámetros centrales para su evaluación y uno de los objetivos a considerar al diseñar estrategias preventivas del deterioro de los órganos blanco y eventos.

Abstract There exist significant structural changes in the artery wall in almost all clinical stages of chronic kidney disease. They constitute a prognostic marker and, at the same time, a progression factor and an event factor, both cardiovascular and renal. For that reason, it is essential to have an estimation of vascular damage and, even better, an accurate diagnosis. Vascular evaluation during clinical consultation by means of determining pulse pressure and ankle-brachial pressure index are a helpful initial orientation of these patient´s artery damage. Today we can assess, in an accessible way, the structural lesions of the arteries by means of quantification and characterization, through vascular ultrasound, of carotid and femoral atherosclerotic plaques and through the pulse wave velocity. The vast majority of renal patients show increased pulse wave velocity, compared to healthy populations, as a result of multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Vascular alterations, both of large arteries and at the microcirculation level, are strongly linked to the progression of chronic kidney disease, as well as renal, cardiac and cerebral complications and events. In individuals at risk of developing chronic kidney disease, or in those who already suffer from it, the measurement of arterial stiffness and of atherosclerotic damage to the vascular wall is a central parameter for evaluation and one of the objectives to consider when designing preventive strategies against deterioration of target organs and events.

Comparación de puntajes de riesgo para predecir aterosclerosis subclínica / Comparison of risk scores to predict subclinical atherosclerosis

La aterosclerosis subclínica es un potente predictor de eventos cardiovasculares, aunque se desconoce cuál de los puntajes de riesgo es más eficaz para predecir su presencia en una población latinoamericana. El objetivo fué comparar la performance de los puntajes de riesgo: Framingham, Regicor y Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator para predecir la existencia de aterosclerosis subclínica en pacientes asintomáticos sin enfermedad cardiovascular conocida; así como determinar la prevalencia y distribución en los distintos lechos vasculares. Desde 2014 a 2017 se evaluaron pacientes de 35 a 75 años asintomáticos y sin enfermedad cardiovascular conocida, a quienes se les realizó una eco Doppler carotídea y femoral, y score de calcio. Se definió como aterosclerosis subclínica a la presencia de placas en las arterias carótidas y/o femorales o a la presencia de calcio en las coronarias (score de Agatston > 0). Se estudiaron así 212 pacientes, edad media 53 ± 7 años, de los cuales el 60% (128) eran varones. La prevalencia de aterosclerosis subclínica fue 62% (131 casos). De esos 131 con placa en alguno de los territorios, el Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator fue el que identificó el mayor número de casos con riesgo cardiovascular elevado (39%), Framingham detectó 20%, y Regicor 0% (p < 0.01). La reclasificación neta fue del 41%, 50% y 60% respectivamente (< 0.01). La prevalencia de aterosclerosis subclínica en sujetos asintomáticos sin antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular fue 62%. El calculador Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator fue el más efectivo para predecir aterosclerosis subclínica en esta población.

Subclinical atherosclerosis is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular events, although it is unknown which of the risk scores is more useful to predict its presence in a Latin American population. The objective was to compare the performance of the risk scores: Framingham, Regicor and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator to predict the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic persons without known cardiovascular disease; as well as determining its prevalence and distribution in the different vascular beds. From 2014 to 2017, patients from 35 to 75 years, asymptomatic and without known cardiovascular disease who underwent a carotid and femoral Doppler echo and calcium score were evaluated. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as the presence of plaques in the carotid and/or femoral arteries or the presence of calcium in the coronary arteries (Agatston score > 0). A total of 212 patients were included. The mean age was 53 ± 7 years, of which 60% (128) were male. The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was 62% (131 cases). Of these 131 subjects with a plaque in any of the territories, the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator was the one that identified the highest number of cases with high cardiovascular risk (39%), Framingham detected 20%, and Regicor 0% (p < 0.01). The net reclassification was 41%, 50% and 60% respectively (< 0.01). The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic persons without a history of cardiovascular disease was 62%. The Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator was the most effective predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis in this population.

Thyroid disorders in Brazil: the contribution of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Thyroid disorders are common diseases, both in Brazil and worldwide. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a prospective cohort study that investigates cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and associated factors, including non-classical cardiovascular risk factors such as thyroid function. Thyroid function was classified according to thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and use of medication to treat thyroid disorders, after excluding participants who reported use of any medication that could alter the results of the TSH and FT4 tests. All analyses included in this review are cross-sectional using baseline data (2008 to 2010). The results showed an association of subclinical thyroid disorders with biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis, measured by carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcium, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and some psychiatric disorders. No association was found with the biomarker of inflammation high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, or changes in pulse wave velocity or heart rate variability.

Ideal Cardiovascular Health is Inversely Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis: A Prospective Analysis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#Ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) could predict a lower risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the association between ideal CVH and subclinical atherosclerosis in a population cohort of Chinese adults aged ⪖ 40 years.@*METHODS@#This study was designed as a cross-sectional analysis of 8,395 participants who had complete data at baseline and a prospective analysis of 4,879 participants who had complete data at 4.3 years of follow-up. Ideal CVH metrics were defined according to the American Heart Association. Subclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated by plaques in carotid arteries, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR).@*RESULTS@#Both the prevalence and incidence of atherosclerosis measures were found to be decreased with increasing numbers of ideal CVH metrics at baseline (all P values for trend < 0.01). The levels of CIMT and UACR at follow-up showed an inverse and significant association with the numbers of ideal CVH metrics at baseline (both P values for trend < 0.05) but a borderline significant association with baPWV (P for trend = 0.0505). Taking participants with 0-1 ideal metric as reference, we found that participants with 5-6 ideal metrics had significantly lower risks of developing carotid plaques (odds ratio, OR = 0.46; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.27-0.79), increased CIMT (OR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.42-0.84), and increased baPWV (OR = 0.57; 95% CI 0.34-0.97) after full adjustments. A significant interactive effect of age and CVH was detected on CIMT and baPWV progression (both P values for interaction < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The numbers of ideal CVH metrics showed a significant and inverse association with the risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults, whereas its dose-response effect was attenuated in individuals aged ≥ 60 years and partially weakened in male participants.

Thyrotropin and free thyroxine levels and coronary artery disease: cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Data on the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and coronary artery disease (CAD) is scarce. We aimed to analyze the association between thyroid function and CAD using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). We included subjects with normal thyroid function (0.4-4.0 mIU/L, and normal free thyroxine, FT4, or 0.8 to 1.9 ng/dL), subclinical hypothyroidism (SCHypo; TSH>4.0 mIU/L and normal FT4), and subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCHyper; TSH<0.4 mIU/L and normal FT4) evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography. We excluded individuals using medications that interfere in thyroid function or with past medical history of cardiovascular disease. Logistic regression models evaluated the presence of CAD, segment involvement score (SIS) >4, and segment severity score (SSS) >4 of coronary arteries as the dependent variables, and quintiles of TSH and FT4 as the independent variables, adjusted for demographical data and cardiovascular risk factors. We included 767 subjects, median age 58 years (IQR=55-63), 378 (49.3%) women, 697 euthyroid (90.9%), 57 (7.4%) with SCHypo, and 13 (1.7%) with SCHyper. No association between TSH and FT4 quintiles and CAD prevalence was noted. Similarly, no association between TSH levels and the extent or severity of CAD, represented by SIS>4 and SSS>4 were seen. Restricting analysis to euthyroid subjects did not alter the results. TSH levels were not significantly associated with the presence, extent, or severity of CAD in a middle-aged healthy population.

Aterosclerosis subclínica y disminución de la densidad mineral ósea en mujeres de edad mediana / Subclinical atherosclerosis and decreasing in bone´s mineral density in middle-aged women

Introducción: la aterosclerosis y la osteoporosis son enfermedades con una alta incidencia. Diversos estudios epidemiológicos han mostrado una asociación entre ambos procesos. Objetivo: describir la posible asociación entre la aterosclerosis subclínica y la disminución de la densidad mineral ósea, así como la relación de estos procesos con variables de la esfera reproductiva en mujeres de edad mediana. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 103 mujeres que asistieron a la consulta de climaterio y osteoporosis del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología. La aterosclerosis subclínica se diagnosticó a través del ultrasonido doppler carotídeo, y la densidad mineral ósea mediante la absorciometría dual de rayos x en columna lumbar. El test chi cuadrado de independencia, el coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson, la prueba t de comparación de medias y Anova, permitieron realizar el análisis estadístico. Resultados: la aterosclerosis subclínica se diagnosticó en 28 de las mujeres de edad mediana (27 por ciento), y 48 pacientes (46,6 por ciento) presentaron densidad mineral ósea disminuida (osteopenia u osteoporosis). El 57,1 por ciento de las pacientes con aterosclerosis subclínica tuvieron una densidad mineral ósea disminuida. El 70,4 por ciento de las pacientes con aterosclerosis subclínica estaban en posmenopausia; el 66,7 por ciento de las que tenían osteopenia, y el 75 por ciento de las que presentaron osteoporosis, pertenecían a la etapa posmenopáusica. Conclusiones: las mujeres de edad mediana con aterosclerosis subclínica tienen mayor frecuencia de osteopenia u osteoporosis. En aquellas con aterosclerosis subclínica y densidad mineral ósea disminuida predomina la posmenopausia. El tipo de menopausia y el tiempo de vida reproductiva no se relacionan con la aterosclerosis subclínica y la disminución de la densidad mineral ósea. Se evidencia una asociación inversa entre tiempo de posmenopausia y densidad mineral ósea(AU)

Introduction: atherosclerosis and osteoporosis are diseases with a high incidence. Several epidemiological studies have shown a relation among both processes. Objective: to describe the possible relation among subclinical atherosclerosis and the decrease of bone´s mineral density, as well as the relations of these processes with reproductive variables in middle-aged women. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 103 women who attended to the Climacteric and Osteoporosis Consultation in the National Institute of Endocrinology. Subclinical atherosclerosis was diagnosed through carotid doppler ultrasound, and bone´s mineral density by performing a dual x-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine. The chi square test of independence, the Pearson linear correlation coefficient, the t test for comparison of averages and Anova allowed the performance of the statistical analysis. Results: subclinical atherosclerosis was diagnosed in 28 of the middle-aged women in the study (27 percent), and 48 of them (46.6 percent) had decreased bone´s mineral density (osteopenia or osteoporosis). 57.1 percent of the patients with subclinical atherosclerosis had a decreased bone´s mineral density. 70.4 percent of the patients with subclinical atherosclerosis were in the postmenopause stage; 66.7 percent of those with osteopenia, and 75 percent of those with osteoporosis were in the postmenopausal stage. Conclusions: middle-aged women with subclinical atherosclerosis have more incidence of osteopenia or osteoporosis. In those with subclinical atherosclerosis and low bone´s mineral density, postmenopause is predominant. The type of menopause and the reproductive lifetime are not related to subclinical atherosclerosis and low bone´s mineral density. An inverse association among the postmenopausal time and bone´s mineral density is evidenced(AU)

Predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis evaluated by carotid intima-media thickness in asymptomatic young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and clinical predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic, young adult women with type 1 DM. Subjects and methods The study included 45 women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) (aged 36 ± 9 years) who underwent carotid Doppler ultrasound evaluation to determine the carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and to assess the occurrence of carotid artery plaques. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), and metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined by the World Health Organization criteria. Results The cohort had a mean age of 36 ± 9 years, diabetes duration of 18.1 ± 9.5 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 24.6 ± 2.4 kg/m2. MS was present in 44.4% of the participants. The CIMT was 0.25 ± 0.28 mm, and the prevalence of carotid artery plaques was 13%. CIMT correlated positively with hypertension (p = 0.04) and waist-to-hip ratio (r = 0.37, p = 0.012). The presence of carotid artery plaques correlated positively with age (p = 0.018) and hypertension (p = 0.017). eGDR correlated negatively with CIMT (r = -0.39, p = 0.009) and carotid plaques (p = 0.04). Albuminuria showed a correlation trend with CIMT (p = 0.06). Patients with carotid artery plaques were older, had a higher prevalence of hypertension, and lower eGDR. No correlation was found between CIMT and carotid plaques with diabetes duration, MS, BMI, cholesterol profile, glycated hemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, or fibrinogen. Conclusion Insulin resistance, central obesity, hypertension, and older age were predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic, young adult women with type 1 DM.

Quantitative evaluation of cardiovascular function in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis by ultrasonography / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To evaluate the carotid and left ventricular function changes in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) using echo-tracking (ET) and three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3D-STE).Methods Eighty patients with SA were divided into low-risk group (27 cases),middle-risk group (26 cases) and high-risk group (27 cases) according to the Framingham risk score (FRS).Each of them was examined by echocardiography and carotid ultrasound to obtain the parameters including carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT),stiffness parameter (β),Pressure-strain elastic modulus (Ep),pulse wave conducting velocity(PWVβ),LV peak systolic global longitudinal strain (GLS),LV peak systolic global circumferential strain (GCS),myocardial wall stress (MWS) and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) for analysis.The study got approval from the Ethics Committee of Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology (NO:IORG00371).Results Ep,left atrial volume (LAV) and MWS had significantly differences among the three groups (all P ＜0.05).Compared with low-risk group,cIMT,β,PWVβ were higher and GLS was lower in high-risk group (all P ＜0.05).There were no statistical difference in LVEF and GCS among the three groups (all P ＞ 0.05).β was positively correlated with age and FRS,and negatively correlated with GLS (all P ＜ 0.05).LAV was positively correlated with age and E/e (all P ＜0.05).GLS was negatively correlated with FRS and β (all P ＜ 0.05).MWS was positively correlated with β and SBP,and negatively correlated with LVEF (all P ＜0.01).Conclusions ET combined with 3D-STE could be applied to evaluate the carotid and left ventricular function accurately in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis,and provide scientific bases for establishing intervention strategy.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular changes in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and their correlation with disease severity: A hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Background: Previous epidemiological studies suggest an association between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome and risk of subclinical atherosclerosis. However, there is a paucity of data in the Indian population on these associations. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis compared to healthy controls and to correlate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome with severity of psoriasis. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was performed on 140 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and 140 controls. Psoriasis was categorized as mild, moderate and severe based on psoriasis area and severity index (<10, 10–14 and ≥15, respectively) and as disease of short (<1 year), intermediate (1–3 years) and long duration (>3 years). In all patients and controls, body mass index was calculated, blood pressure and waist circumference were measured and fasting blood sugar and lipid profi le were estimated. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed by the presence of 3 or more of the modifi ed National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. A subset of 30 psoriatic patients and 30 healthy controls were selected by the systematic sampling method for cardiac evaluation including electrocardiography, echocardiography and carotid intima-media thickness measurement. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was signifi cantly more in psoriatic patients than in controls (39.3% vs. 17.1%, odds ratio = 3.13). Psoriatic patients also had a signifi cantly higher prevalence of hypertension, abdominal obesity and diabetes. There was a signifi cant trend to increase in prevalence of metabolic syndrome, hypertension and type 2 diabetes with increased severity and longer duration of the psoriasis. Patients with psoriasis had signifi cantly higher carotid intima-media thickness (mean 0.61 mm ± 0.01 mm vs. 0.37 mm ± 0.01 mm) than controls. Limitation: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study with a relatively small sample size. A prospective study with a larger sample would have validated the results further. Conclusion: There is a signifi cantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in psoriasis patients as compared to controls; the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components increases with severity and duration of psoriasis. There is a higher prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with psoriasis thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. We suggest that patients with moderate to severe psoriasis be screened routinely for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease and encouraged to correct modifi able cardiovascular risk factors.